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Hydroelectric power plants use the energy of falling or flowing water to generate electricity. They are one of the most common and widely used renewable energy sources in the world. They can provide clean, reliable, and flexible electricity for various purposes and demands. They can also have environmental and social impacts, such as flooding, displacement, and habitat alteration.
A typical hydroelectric power plant consists of a dam, a reservoir, a turbine, a generator, and a transmission line.
The dam creates a barrier that stores water in a reservoir. The water is released from the reservoir through a pipe called a penstock, which leads to the turbine.
The turbine converts the kinetic energy of the water into mechanical energy, which spins the generator. The generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy, which is sent to the grid through the transmission line.
The water then exits the turbine through a pipe called a draft tube, and returns to the river downstream.
There are three main types of conventional hydroelectric power plants: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage.
Impoundment plants use a dam to create a large reservoir that stores water. They can regulate the water flow and adjust the power output according to the demand. They are the most common and largest type of hydroelectric plants.
Diversion plants channel a portion of a river through a canal or a penstock to the turbine, without creating a large reservoir. They have less flexibility and storage capacity, but also less environmental impact. They are often used for small-scale projects.
Pumped storage plants use two reservoirs at different elevations, and pump water from the lower to the upper reservoir when the demand is low, and release it back to the lower reservoir when the demand is high. They act as a large battery that can store excess energy and provide peak power.
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