Modern Radar System – Block Diagram, Working

fig: Block Diagram of Modern radar system

Modern Radar System Working

RADAR transmits radio signals and digital objects and analysis the reflections. Data gathered can include the position and movement of the objects, Also RADAR can identify the object through its “signature”-The district reflection it generates. There are many forms of radar such as continuous, Doppler, ground penetrating, or synthetic aperture, and they are used in many applications from air traffic control to weather predictions.

In the modern radar system, Digital signal processing is used extensively. At the transmitter end, it generates and shapes The transmission pulses, and controls the antenna beam pattern while at the receiver. DSP performs many complex tasks including STAP( space time adaptive processing)- the removal of clutter and beam forming.

The antenna, the tracking computer, and the signal generator are the three main parts of contemporary radar. The current radar’s tracking computer does all tasks. Tracks targets and powers the display system by scheduling the proper antenna placements and conveying signals according to time.

Even if air attenuation is not taken into account, a distinct object’s return is exceedingly weak. Target returns are frequently weaker than twice the average noise level, and occasionally even below it. Setting a threshold to determine whether a given peak is noise or a true target is quite challenging. Existing targets are repressed if the threshold is set too high, which lowers the likelihood that they will be discovered. The likelihood of a false alarm will increase if the threshold is set too low, which will cause noise peaks to be reported as targets. A typical tradeoff is to have a false alarm rate of 10-6 and a detection probability of around 90%. It keeps the given PFA, also known as the continuous false alarm rate or CFAR. CFAR circuitry inspects each range bin in turn and compares the signal level discovered there with the signal level found in its nearby bins, as opposed to maintaining the threshold at a constant value. if all of these have a somewhat high amount of noise. The threshold will then be raised proportionately via the CFAR circuit.

The signal processor’s other duties include:

• Combining information: Airport-based secondary surveillance radars have the ability to query an aircraft’s transponder for details like height, flight number, or fuel level. The transponder can also be used by pilots to send out a distress signal. The signal processor of the ground radar integrates this information with its own. Plots the range and angular direction measurements on the relevant location on the scope.
• Forming tracks: The radar may construct a flight vector, which shows an aircraft’s speed and anticipated position for the following scan period, by correlating the data sets that were acquired in succeeding scan cycles. Airport radars can detect hundreds of objects at once, and the dependability of these systems is crucial for flight safety. This data is used by military tracking radars to guide missiles toward calculated collision points or layout guns.

Resolving ambiguities in range or Doppler measurements:

• The measurements for range, Doppler, or even both depend on the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of the radar. When the questioned object is measured again, the signal processor chooses a different PR since it is aware of this. Ambiguities may be removed and the genuine target position can be identified with the help of a proper collection of PRFs.
• Ground Clutter Mapping: On a radar screen, all undesirable blips are referred to as clutter. Buildings, automobiles, mountains, and other natural features all contribute to ground clutter, and a clutter map helps to increase the decision-making threshold when recognized clutter sources are present.
• Time and power management: Phased array radars may rapidly change their beam location to any azimuth and elevation within a window of around 60°*40°. There is a risk of either missing a portion of the search sector or losing a target if the related track record isn’t updated in a timely manner when the radar is charged with surveying its sector and tracking hundreds of targets. Time management creates a timetable for the beam steering device and keeps track of all the jobs’ priorities. If the transmitter circuitry is in danger of overheating, power management is required. The only method to maintain normal operation in the absence of backup gear is to utilize less power when it is necessary, as during track confirmation.
• Countering interference: A) Natural interference, or b) artificial interference. Storms that produce a lot of rain or hail can interfere naturally, as can different propagation circumstances. If intentionally produced, man-made interference is also known as jamming and is one of the tools used in electronic countermeasures.

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